Body mass index is a short cut: weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared. Adolphe Quetelet
sketched it in the 1830s as a way to describe populations, not to judge a single body. Health services still
use it because it is cheap, repeatable, and, at a group level, it tracks some risk.
Where it is useful
For most adults it is a screening figure. It can flag that someone is much lighter or heavier than the
average person of that height, and it is how many clinics, insurers, and public-health charts talk about
underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obesity. It is a starting point for a conversation, not the
conversation itself.
Where it goes wrong
BMI cannot see fat, muscle, bone, or where weight sits. A rugby player and someone with little muscle can
share a number and have very different health. It also drifts with age, sex, ethnicity, pregnancy, oedema,
and limb differences. Standard adult bands are a poor fit for children and teenagers — those results belong
on growth charts. Older adults sometimes sit a little higher without extra risk. And a “healthy” BMI can
still hide high blood pressure, low fitness, or a large waist.
Treat the number as a rough map. Waist size, how you feel day to day, blood markers, sleep, and what you can
do with your body usually tell a fuller story. If the result worries you, take it to a qualified clinician
rather than chasing the scale on your own.